Comparing social behavior between fresh H2O dolphins and salt H2O Lab Report

Looking at social conduct between new H2O dolphins and salt H2O Dolphins - Lab Report Example The work additionally shows that their social conduct is likewise exhibited through dolphin human relations behaviors]. *Iriarte, V., and Marmontel, M. (2013). Stream Dolphin (Inia geoffrensis, Sotalia fluviatilis) Mortality Events Attributed to Artisanal Fisheries in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Amphibian Mammals, 39(2), 116-124. [The creator calls attention to dolphins’ social practices through the crystal of biological adaptation. His work likewise offers knowledge into marine condition. The work likewise shows how individuals can interface genially with dolphins with no conflict]. *Lundquist, D.J. (2011). Conduct and development examples of shadowy dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) off Kaikoura, New Zealand: Effects of the travel industry. A proposition submitted for the level of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. [Lundquist’s study offers species explicit data on the practices of dolphins. His study limits to practices, which can be evaluated at species level. His work attempts to show how travel and developments designs are basic as dolphins’ social behaviors inside a pod]. [The authors’ research is basic in exhibiting social practices in dolphins. The study likewise shows how such practices contrast and those of different creatures just as human creatures. The investigation likewise features on other irregular social practices are ecologically procured and serve a particular social purpose]. [The author’s work shows that piece of dolphins’ social conduct includes echolocations instrument of gathering area. Their work show how high recurrence whistles help with discovering mates and social gatherings among dolphins]. *Orbach, D.N., Kirchner, T., and Wã ¼rsig, B. (2014). Estimating the Mating Behaviors of Free- Ranging Dusky Dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus). Procedures of Measuring Behavior

Geography of Iraq

Topography of Iraq Capital: Baghdad Iraq is a nation that is situated in western Asia and offers outskirts with Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Syria (map). It has an exceptionally little coastline of only 36 miles (58 km) along the Persian Gulf. Iraqs capital and biggest city is Baghdad and it has a populace of 30,399,572 (July 2011 gauge). Other enormous urban communities in Iraq incorporate Mosul, Basra, Irbil and Kirkuk and the countrys populace thickness is 179.6 individuals per square mile or 69.3 individuals per square kilometer. History of Iraq From 1980 to 1988 Iraq was associated with the Iran-Iraq war which crushed its economy. The war additionally left Iraq as one of the biggest military foundations in the Persian Gulf area (U.S. Division of State). In 1990 Iraq attacked Kuwait however it was constrained out in mid 1991 by a United States-drove U.N. alliance. Following these occasions social shakiness proceeded as the countrys northern Kurdish individuals and its southern Shia Muslims opposed Saddam Husseins government. Subsequently, the Iraqs government utilized power to stifle the insubordination, slaughtered a large number of residents and seriously harmed nature of the districts in question. On account of the shakiness in Iraq at that point, the U.S. what's more, a few different nations built up no-fly zones over the nation and the U.N. Security Council ordered a few assents against Iraq after its administration would not give up weapons and submit to U.N. reviews (U.S. Branch of State). Precariousness stayed in the nation all through the remainder of the 1990s and into the 2000s. In March-April 2003 a U.S.- drove alliance attacked Iraq after it was guaranteed the nation neglected to conform to encourage U.N. examinations. This demonstration started the Iraq War among Iraq and the U.S. Right away the U.S.s attack, Iraqs tyrant Saddam Hussein was toppled and the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) was built up to deal with Iraqs legislative capacities as the nation attempted to build up another legislature. In June 2004 the CPA disbanded and the Iraqi Interim Government dominated. In January 2005 the nation held races and the Iraqi Transitional Government (ITG) took power. In May 2005 the ITG delegated a board of trustees to draft a constitution and in September 2005 that constitution was finished. In December 2005 another political race was held which built up another multi year sacred government that took power in March 2006. Regardless of its new government notwithstanding, Iraq was still profoundly unsteady during this time and viciousness was across the board all through the nation. Thus, the U.S. expanded its essence in Iraq which caused an abatement in viciousness. In January 2009 Iraq and the U.S. concocted plans to expel U.S. troops from the nation and in June 2009 they started leaving Iraqs urban territories. Further evacuation of U.S. troops proceeded into 2010 and 2011. On December 15, 2011 the Iraq War authoritatively finished. Administration of Iraq Financial matters and Land Use in Iraq Topography and Climate of Iraq The atmosphere of Iraq is for the most part desert and as such it has mellow winters and sweltering summers. The countrys sloping districts anyway have freezing winters and mellow summers. Baghdad, the capital and biggest city in Iraq has a January normal low temperature of 39Â ºF (4Â ºC) and a July normal high temperature of 111Â ºF (44Â ºC).

SIPA Alum and Documentary Producer Wins Emmy Award COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Alum and Documentary Producer Wins Emmy Award COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs congratulates alumna Na Eng (MIA ‘99) on winning a 2008 Emmy Award for business and financial reporting. Ms. Eng won the Emmy for her segment entitled “Taxing the Poor,” presented on the program NOW on PBS. The segment focuses on state tax policies and the working poor, and the impact on three families in Alabama. To watch “Taxing the Poor” or learn more about its production, click here. To learn more about Na Eng and her award-winning documentary work, visit her blog here.

Sacred Cow in India - 2799 Words

18 Indias sacred cow MARVIN HARRIS Other peoples religious practices and beliefs may often appear to be wasteful. They seem to involve a large expenditure of scarce resources on ritual; they contain taboos that restrict the use of apparently useful materials. Their existence seems irrational in the face of ecological needs. One example that many cite in support of this viewpoifJt is the religious proscription on the slaughter of cattle in India. How can people permit millions of cattle to roam about eating, but uneaten, in a land so continuously threatened by food shortages and starvation? In this article, Marvin Harris challenges the view that religious value is ecologically irrational. Dealing with the Indian case, he argues that†¦show more content†¦Thereafter, the cow taboo assumed its modern form and began to function much as it does today. The place of the cow in modern India is every place - on posters, in the movies, in brass figures, in stone and wood carvings, on the streets, in the fields. The cow is a symbol of health and abundance. It provides the milk that Indians consume in the form of yogurt and ghee (clarified butter), which contribute subtle flavors to much spicy Indian food. This, perhaps, is the practical role of the cow, but cows provide less than half the milk produced in India. Most cows in India are not dairy breeds. In most regions, when an Indian farmer wants a steady, high-quality source of milk he usually invests in a female water buffalo. In India the water buffalo is the specialized dairy breed because its milk has a higher butterfat content than zebu milk. Although the farmer milks his zebu cows, the milk is merely a by-product. . More vital than zebu milk to South Asian farmers are zebu calves. Male calves are especially valued because from bulls come oxen, which are the mainstay of the Indian agricultural system. Small, fast oxen drag wooden plows through late-spring fields when monsoons have dampened the dry, cracked earth. After harvest, the oxen break the grain from the stalk by stomping through mounds of cut wheat and rice. For rice cultivation in irrigated fields, the male water buffalo is preferred (it pulls better in deep mud), but for most otherShow MoreRelatedThe books and materials used in data collection acted as the source of information for writing the1200 Words   |  5 Pagesthe people of India live their life. The India’s religion, dance, language, food and architecture differ from place to place in the country. The culture is an amalgamation of different cultures that is found across the Indian subcontinent (Prakash 2005). The country is the birth place of many of the religious beliefs such as Sikhism, Buddhism, and Hinduism. There are substantial linguistic, cultural, regional and religion variations in the country. The description of culture in India is based on as sertionsRead MoreCultural Differences in India659 Words   |  3 PagesHead: Cultural Differences in India Cultural Differences in India Cultural Differences in India India is a unique country. Home to close to a billion people, it boasts a rich cultural history spanning over 4 millennia. Indias vast geographical coverage features all kinds of different terrain; from the cold, magnificent peaks and valleys of Kashmir to the hot, barren lands of Jacobabad. With such terrain comes a culture so vast that it is almost impossible to define. India possesses an array of differentRead MoreEssay about Evaluating Societies Culture by Norms, Values, and Laws1076 Words   |  5 PagesAlmost every society participates in a unique culture that cannot be accurately judged without acquiring viewpoints from the individual’s in it. While reading the article India’s Sacred Cow by Marvin Harris (1978) I was able to gain insight about the Hindu people and their reasons for â€Å"worshipping† the â€Å"sacred cows† (Harris, 1978). According to the textbook Sociology Thirteenth Edition by Richard T. Schaefer, â€Å"through cultural realis m, or the sincere attempt to understand an individual’s cultureRead MoreThe Twentieth Century : Cannibals And Kings ( 1977 ) By Marvin Harris And Coming Of Age1297 Words   |  6 Pagesproblematic by some, especially in relation to his discussion of sacred cows in India (Freed and Freed 1981: 715). Harris argues that cows are venerated in India due to the victory of, â€Å"reproductive of productive forces† (Harris 1991: 229. By this he means that cows are not seen as sacred because of a religious belief, but instead because they are required, along with oxen, to plow the fields (ibid: 220). Therefore the sacredness of cows arose as a way of negating any temptation to eat their meat, becauseRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem My Mother Breed By Anita Desai1701 Words   |  7 Pagesnourish the human psyche with the inspiration to pursue individuality and independence. Patriarchal contaminations of societies submerge the unifying realm of female emancipation; masculine sovereignty suffocates the woman’s voice in the silence of the sacred seas. Secular literature documents the exclusion of the female gender in a cultural mosaic that recognizes the alliance between water and women. Post-colonial fiction, including Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children, Anita Desai’s Clear Light of DayRead MoreThe Complexities of Hinduism803 Words   |  4 Pagesspiritual harmony with nature. Nature is not seen as a threat but as a peaceful force. Cows are considered sacred. Hindus are forbidden to slaughter these animals for food. The Hindu’s sanctity of nature is perplexing. If the nature of the world is just an illusion, why venerate cows? The nature of the world for Hindu’s is mysterious, confusing, and pessimistic. The practical outcomes of Hinduism have left India in shambles. Because of their strict caste system, many lower class citizens are forcedRead MoreTen Sacred Objects768 Words   |  4 PagesTen Sacred Objects Michelle Sanders Hum/105 August 1, 2013 Greg Jorge Ten Sacred Objects 1.) Fish are a symbol of luck in China. In fact, it’s traditional to serve fish at New Year’s dinner. The word fish, â€Å"Yu†, sounds like the word â€Å"wish† or â€Å"abundance† in Cantonese and Mandarin. 2.) Cows have long been sacred in India. They are protected animals under the Hindu religion. Hindus do not eat beef. In fact, most rural Indian families have at least one dairy cow which isRead MoreFollowers of Hinduism1038 Words   |  5 Pagesand the different time periods. Hindus practice strict religious beliefs and customs. Hinduism consists of a 1,000 religious groups that have evolved in India since 1500 B.C. Followers of Hinduism are known as Hindus. Hindus live their lives by following the religious guidance of the Vedic scripture. The Hindu scriptures consist of two sacred types of writing: the Shruti and the Smriti. The Shruti is heard, while the Smriti is memorized. Before being recorded, these scriptures were passed downRead MoreHinduism Was One Of The Religions That I Found To Be Most1456 Words   |  6 Pagestime that have shaped other religions that branched off from it. Hinduism is an ancient religion that was founded near 1,500 B.C. It is a religion that has perceiver through many different times of persecution and its one enemy time. It originated in India which is what many Indus people originated. Most Hindus worship Shiva, Vishnu or the Goddess Devi but there are many other minor people they worship. The main god that they all worship is Brahman and they believe that every living thing with a soulRead MoreReligion and Violence Essay examples1081 Words   |  5 Pagesshape d and changed religious practices within Jainism, Hinduism and Buddhism. There have also been many generalisations about the above traditions. Moreover I will try and answer why non violence has become a generalisation and how it has impacted India as a whole. â€Å"The trauma of the attacks on the World Trade Centre in New York and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., which were quickly interpreted as religious as well as political phenomena, provoked yet another body of studies. On the other hand

A Peak Under the Skirt of Rape Culture Essay - 1155 Words

Did you see what she was wearing; no wonder he assumed she wanted it. Does this sound familiar to anyone? It does to me. This is just a glimpse of some words, and actions, that are only the tip of the ice-berg; we call rape culture. A lot of people are unaware this sort of language, or behavior, even goes on. Even more people are aware of these types of things, yet they don’t find them inappropriate, or see anything wrong with a little harmless joking. The fact is rape culture affects our life, whether we acknowledge it or not. The term Rape Culture should not be a part of our vocabulary; we, as a society, have allowed it, but that needs to be changed. Rape culture can be seen all around us, its on TV, in movies, in grocery store†¦show more content†¦We cannot start making excuses for sexual assault. Slut shaming, also called victim blaming, is the most common known term; this refers to how some rape victims are treated after reporting a rape. Well, what were you wear ing? Were you out drunk at a bar when he found you? Did you say yes, and then change your mind after it was too late? These are just a few of the incriminating questions that are being asked of some victims after telling their friends and family about being raped. Furthermore, some rape victims have come forth and said these things are asked of them by the law-enforcement officers who are taking their report about the rape. No means no! It does not matter if the victim changed his or her mind even after physical intimacy was initiated. This is what seems to be being left out of conversations about rape.[K]nowing that rape is wrong means little if you dont know what rape is (Valenti). The 2012 Steubenville rape case involving a multitude of characters, and one main victim, is a prime example of the way rape culture has affected our minds negatively. A young man who witnessed the rape of an unconscious female stated â€Å"I thought rape was forcing yourself on someone† (qtd. i n Valenti). Simply put the witness clearly didn’t realize he was witnessing a rape. Apparently, its a common misconception that if a female is unconscious, technically she can’t say no,Show MoreRelatedIs Mini Skirt Still in Fashion2102 Words   |  9 Pages280-AD-Jan 2011 Name : Anuradha Walpitagama Batch No : 45 ID No : 280-AD-Jan 2011 Is Mini Skirt still in fashion? Is Mini Skirt still in fashion? Fashion in 1950 – 70 era Is Mini Skirt still in fashion? Today we are in the 21st century in an era where the fashion is at its peak. The fashion industry has developed so fast during the last decade. This is mainly due to the development of technology. The Mini Skirt emerged during the late 1950 amp; was very popular between 1950 to 1970 20th century canRead MoreIs Mini Skirt Still in Fashion2096 Words   |  9 Pages280-AD-Jan 2011 Name : Anuradha Walpitagama Batch No : 45 ID No : 280-AD-Jan 2011 Is Mini Skirt still in fashion? Is Mini Skirt still in fashion? Fashion in 1950 – 70 era Is Mini Skirt still in fashion? Today we are in the 21st century in an era where the fashion is at its peak. The fashion industry has developed so fast during the last decade. This is mainly due to the development of technology. The Mini Skirt emerged during the late 1950 amp; was very popular between 1950 to 1970 20th century canRead MoreTest Paper: Questions on Issues and Practices in Human Resource Management3568 Words   |  15 Pagesof the organization. B.  little time is spent assessing training needs. C.  training is evaluated by checking participant reactions. D.  training is part of the corporate culture. 13. Yes or No. Jill, the owner of a construction business, says her construction crew will not work if she hires Hispanic crew members, so Jill does not do so. Is this a defense to a Title VII action? 14. Which, if any, of the following scenarios

The Issue Of Reflection Education Essay Free Essays

Contemplation as defined by the Oxford English lexicon ( 1993 ) means ‘idea originating in the head ‘ and head means ‘seat of consciousness, thought, will, and experiencing ‘ . It seems therefore that contemplation, in an every twenty-four hours term is about believing that involves will and feeling, therefore contemplation is really personal as we are all alone persons. So, if contemplation is believing why are we being assessed on it, and how can it be assessed as certainly we all think otherwise. We will write a custom essay sample on The Issue Of Reflection Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Are brooding model theoretical accounts, an assistance to assist me believe or an assistance to assist the assessor ‘s buttockss me? Am I being misanthropic or is cynicism accurate observation? Have we bury how to believe? Are we populating in an age where the gait of life is so fast that people do n’t hold clip to believe any more? Is that why contemplation is now being incorporated into course of studies or is it to heighten acquisition and the forming of constructs and connexions? Is it to do me gain what my ain thoughts are, and which are person else ‘s? Or is it as King and Kitchener ( 1994 cited Moon 2001, p.8 ) propose to dispute my acquisition and thereby better my cognitive ability? At first I thought that contemplation was a complicated issue, but so I learnt that it was about thought. When I foremost received this assignment I ‘thought ‘ that I would truly bask it, as I would be able to be originative but whilst reflecting during the action of roll uping my portfolio, and researching for my brooding essay, I have become resentful, non because I am immune to alter but because I feel that it is intrusive and a small patronising to give me person else ‘s theoretical account or formula of how to believe. It seems that Moon ( 2001, p.16 ) would hold with me as she suggests Are pupils told to reflect when really they will merely follow a formula ( e.g. set inquiries ; rigorous attachment to the Kolb rhythm ( Kolb, 1984 ) ) ? Make pupils have their contemplations as kids own their drama? From my personal experience I would implore to differ as when I used the brooding theoretical account of Price ( 2002 ) to reflect upon my unit A assignments I found it smothering and found myself over-inflating my beliefs of segregation so that I would hold something to compose about in that portion of the model. Bolton ( 1998 ) would propose that my defensive attitude is ‘a get bying scheme ‘ and that I am defying ‘change and development ‘ . Whereas Lifton ( 1961 cited Atherton 2003 ) describes the procedure of idea reform as ‘brainwashing ‘ . For me these theoretical accounts are common sense and hence I have been resentful towards them. During one of our lessons we were given a sheet of paper with brooding theoretical accounts on it and asked to take one to reflect upon our presentation. Personally, I had already reflected upon my presentation briefly instantly after I had finished it, so once more in more deepness in my auto on the manner place and so once more in even more deepness when I discussed it with my hubby, read all the presentation press releases, and compared my presentation with everyone else ‘s. Therefore personally I do n’t experience that I learnt anything by utilizing Price ‘s ( 2002 ) reflective model theoretical account. However I have since learnt upon reflecting on my acquisition manner that the bulk of my acquisition features are that of the ‘dreamer ‘ ( Cottrell 2003, p.63 ) . One of the strengths of the ‘dreamer ‘ is to reflect and measure good. Therefore I can appreciate that Price ‘s ( 2002 ) reflective model theoretical account may be more good to possibly, the leaner with ‘logician ‘ features as Cottrell ( 2003, p.63 ) proposes that their learning country to be developed is ‘personal contemplation ‘ . However I do non experience that pupils can be pigeon-holed into certain learning types, although I must acknowledge that most of my features were spot on with Cottrell ‘s ( 2003 ) dreamer larning manner. It would look that contemplation has been good to me after all, as it has made me cognizant of my learning manner or manners and made me gain that the usage of brooding models are smothering for me, hence I have thought approximately, ‘reflected upon ‘ and learnt something from ‘the experience ‘ . It seems that my learning experience is related to Boud et Al ‘s ( 1985 ) defini tion of contemplation as they defines it as A generic term for those rational and effectual activities in which persons engage to research their experiences in order to take to a new apprehension and grasp ( Draper 1999 ) . It seems that Boud et al view contemplation from the scholar ‘s point of position, underscoring the relationship of the brooding procedure and the learning experience. For illustration I have learnt from the experience of utilizing brooding model theoretical accounts that I find them smothering. Whereas Dewey ( 1993 ) defines contemplation as An active persistent and careful consideration of any belief or supposed signifier of cognition in the visible radiation of the evidences that support it and the farther decision to which it tends ( Draper 1999 ) . Dewey positions contemplation as experiential acquisition and that each experience influences future experiences. For illustration Dewey may hold that from the racial bias that I discussed in subdivision two that I take this experience with me to future experiences. For illustration through seeing some of the black citizens of Africa deformed via non being inoculated against infantile paralysis I have non hesitated to inoculate my kids against diseases such as infantile paralysis, epidemic parotitiss, rubeolas and German measles. Therefore a past experience can inform a present experience, such as whether I should let my adolescents to be inoculated against meningitis. Sch A ; ouml ; n ( 1993, 1987 cited Moon 2001, p. 3 ) focal points on contemplation in professional cognition and its development. He has identified two types of contemplation. These are ‘reflection in action ‘ and ‘reflection on action ‘ . Sch A ; ouml ; n proposes that these types of contemplations are used in alone state of affairss, where the practician is unable to use ‘theories or techniques antecedently learnt through formal instruction ‘ ( Moon 2001, p.4 ) . It would therefore look that ‘reflection in action ‘ and ‘reflection on action ‘ are extremely good to the attention and educational industries as practicians are working with persons who are more frequently than non, text book illustrations. Reflection is a cardinal portion of my child care pattern as I work with kids and households who are persons with alone qualities. This means that every clip I do an activity I may necessitate to make it otherwise as I wil l necessitate to see the person demands of the child/children and that of their parents. For illustration, if you were a mill worker and you packed bars your contemplation in action would n’t take as long, because you would be working with inanimate objects. Therefore your contemplations may be more matter-of-fact whereas in my occupation I am covering with babies, yearlings, kids and grownups, hence my contemplations are changeless and are more likely to be based upon emotions, as I am working with persons who have emotions excessively. As the chief ethos of my pattern is to handle each kid and household member as persons, I therefore reflect ‘in action ‘ throughout my on the job twenty-four hours and reflect ‘on action ‘ , sometimes instantly after an action, and sometimes subsequently in the eventide. For illustration when a parent arrives they may inform me of the feverish weekend that they have had. This information that I am provided with affects my contemplation in action. For illustration if I have been informed that a kid is likely to be really tired today and I have planned a feverish twenty-four hours, I would be believing on my toes and accommodate the yearss activities to suit a slumber in for that kid. It would look that contemplation is a paradox as there are many different significances and types of contemplation, the above being merely a few. What is evident though is that contemplation is really complicated which is dry sing that thought is really easy. Possibly so it is non the procedure of contemplation that is difficult, ‘the thought ‘ but, it is covering with the emotions that reflection brings. Possibly I am being assessed on my contemplation abilities as they are of import to my holistic personal, instruction and pattern development. Possibly my cynicism in the debut is healthy as, No adult male who worships instruction has got the best out of instruction†¦ Without a soft disdain for instruction no adult male ‘s instruction is complete. Gilbert K. Chesterton I surely feel that I have got my initial disdain for contemplation out of my system as I have realised that contemplation has helped me do connexions such as the nexus between my learning manner and seting the practical authorship of assignments off for every bit long as possible. Contemplation has as King and Kitchener proposed ‘improved my cognitive ability ‘ , as I now have a better apprehension of contemplation and myself. I besides feel that pupils do have their contemplations as they own their yesteryear experiences which they draw upon during contemplation. Personally I do non like brooding model theoretical accounts but I appreciate that they can be really good for pupils who find contemplation hard. How to cite The Issue Of Reflection Education Essay, Essay examples

Assessment of Glenda Medical Condition

Question: Discuss about the Assessment of Glenda Medical Condition. Answer: Introduction Chronic kidney disease abbreviated as CKD is also referred to as the chronic renal failure and it is responsible for most cases of mortality and morbidity in the elderly in Australia (Wen et al., 2014). Moreover, CKD is associated with reducing the significant role of the kidney through causing damages and blockage (Vassalotti et al., 2016). Research shows that the period it takes for CKD to cause complete renal failure depends on the stages of CKD and the nursing interventions in place (Tonelli and Wanner, 2014). Notably, it should be made clear that chronic kidney disease has no cure, but early identification and application of nursing intervention as per Levett-Jones clinical reasoning cycle will help slow the progress and improve the patient's symptoms. As of the year 2005, the NHS reported that chronic kidney disease is at an alarming rate as most of the hospitals in the region reported to have increased renal replacement surgery (Gatchel et al., 2014). Also, according to Hung e t al., 2014 are of the opinion that chronic kidney disease increases the chances of cardiovascular complications. Again, a report by the WHO indicated that there would be high chances of chronic kidney disease in Australia for the next ten years and the likelihood of the cases leveling off are dismal due to the lifestyle of locals (mostly the native Australians) who are reluctant to seek medication from public hospitals (Collins et al., 2015). The underlying factor towards the behavior by most natives is cultural-based. The residents feel left behind regarding development and that the foreigners are interfering with their way of life (Tong et al., 2015). With that in mind, the case focuses on describing the care, management, and assessment interventions for Glenda, a 46-year-old woman who presents with chronic kidney disease. The previous medical history indicates the following symptoms generalized swelling of the face, hands, feet, and ankles. Also, she finds difficulty in walking due to stiffness and pain in her knee and elbow joints. Her current medical condition indicates increased body temperature of 38.8 degrees Celsius and increased blood pressure of 180/100 mmHg which relates to the high number of cigarettes consumed daily. As such, Glenda is taken to the emergency renal ward at Darwin hospital where she undergoes an X-ray, EUC, and ECG. After inserting a vas catheter, Glenda is scheduled for surgery in a week's time to have fistula formation in her left arm. The condition makes Glenda admitted for almost twelve months a situation that makes her daughter Roseen uncomfortable. Later, the nurses, family, and friends organized a meeting and ensure Glenda is discharged and receives medication from her home in Tiwi Island and undergo her dialysis at Renal Dialysis unit at Wurrumiyang clinic. As such, ideas in this article seek to critique the care, management, and assessment for Glenda at each stage of her chronic kidney disease. Notably, the paper will set a discussion on the evaluation of renal function. Furthermore, the article will offer a succinct summary of the ideas concerning the thesis statement as shown below. Assessment of kidney functions When Glenda first attended Wurrumiyanga clinic at her home in Tiwi Island, the doctors had to screen her kidney to identify any symptoms of chronic kidney disease due to the physical symptoms she presented (Diamantidis nd Becker, 2014). Also, Wen et al., 2014) are of the opinion that screening helps in prescribing medical intervention for CKD at stages 1-3 hence appropriate procedural processes in combating the condition. That said, the following test helped the doctor in assessing the renal functioning and impairment for Glenda: urinalysis-the test makes use of urine, and with the inclusion of a urine dipstick the nurses can determine the presence or absence of bacteria and casts on a microscope. Urinary protein excretion-the model analyzes urine after every 24 hours to measure the albumin-creatine ration abbreviated as ACR. An increase in the ACR shows a high risk for cardiovascular complications. Renal imaging-the technique pays attention to the shape of the kidney and checks the presence of cysts (Fang et al., 2014). Notably, the assessment model is of significant role in patients with CKD stages 4 and 5. Also, patients with stages 1-3 ought to undergo an ultrasound in case of reduced eGFR. Finally, renal biopsy a patient with stages 4-5 CKD is advised to undergo the assessment to check the level of proteinuria. Britt et al., 2013 are of the opinion that renal biopsy is of great value as the histological analysis provides nurses with information to know when and how to diagnose the impaired kidney failure. Assessment of stages of chronic kidney disease for Glenda There are five stages of chronic kidney disease that Glenda is diagnosed with: ranging from stage 1-5. The evaluation model follows the in-depth analysis of Glenda's medical history which reveals her physical symptoms: swollen face, feet, and hands, social life showing her smoking and drinking habits, and her family history which records no case of CKD (Angeli et al., 2014). The post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis diagnosis at Royal Darwin Hospital indicates that there was thickening of the membranes due to the accumulation of protein in the glomeruli hence need for checking the blood glucose levels (Tonelli and Wanner, 2014). Moreover, it is important to control the blood pressure to reduce the risk of proteinuria. In addition, Glenda's medical history at the time of admission indicates hypertension as blood pressure beyond 140/90 mmHg is considered hypertensive. Stage of CKD Investigations Assessment Stages 1-2 eGFR more than 89/ml/min/1.73m2 but is not less than 59ml/min/1.73m2 (albuminuria included) Urea and electrolytes including eGFR. Urine ACR recorded after 24 hours. Annual blood pressure. Scheduled clinical and laboratory assessment. Also, the nurses in charge offer advice on lifestyle practices. Stages 3-5 When the eGFR is less than 59ml/min/1.73m2 Urine ACR is randomly collected. The inclusion of dipstick in the sample of urine collected to test for urinalysis for proteinuria. Regular checking of blood glucose levels. Analysis of full blood count to check the level of Parathyroid hormone (Levey et al., 2015). Exclusion of acute renal failure. Also, the nurse reviews medical history and administers new medication which acts as an anti-inflammatory medication. The collected urine is assessed to check for urinary symptoms, heart failure, and hypovolaemia (Levey et al., 2015). Management of chronic kidney disease For efficient management of the different stages of CKD, it is of significant value to first identify the symptoms associated with chronic kidney disease. What is more is that the clinical signs for CKD remain unrecognized until there is acute renal failure (Stevens and Levin, 2013). That is to say that a patient can be asymptomatic at an advanced stage of the condition. Therefore, early identification sets a platform for integration of early interventions which aim towards assessment and management of the state. As such, the symptoms of CKD include but are not limited to loss of appetite, nausea, minor ankle edema, change in urine pattern, and fatigue (Jha et al., 2013). Also, it is wise for Glenda to have a balanced diet characterized with enough proteins. Health condition Treatment Smoking Cessation Hypertension Regulate the blood pressure to less than 135/80mmHg. Besides, inhibitors can be induced to slow the effects of renal deformity. Notably, when the eGFR reduces to less than 25% of the baseline value, it is important to cease the ACR inhibitor and refer Glenda to a Nephrologist (Mills et al., 2015) Physical apathy Schedule a workout program starting with walking the progressively to jogging and running: aim at improving the aerobic rate. Alcohol Monitor the drinking patterns of Glenda. First, start with reducing then progressively rehabilitate her by stopping the supply and access to alcohol. Flu vaccination and pneumococcal vaccination During admission, Glenda needs to hydrate t avoid dehydration. Also, the nurses in charge can describe an antiviral medication. After being discharged Glenda can as well as use prescribed cough suppressant. Diabetes-Type II diabetes Reduce the consumption of sugary coca cola drink from 500ml a day to 250ml then after some time you cut short and provide safe source of sugars such as Nutrition Drink a lot of water to avoid thirst. Ensure Glenda consumes less salt: especially adding raw salt to the food at the table. Reduce the intake of coca cola and later cut short. Significantly, the End-Stage Renal Disease abbreviated as ESRD is the term used to refer to patients who are responding to the treatment from acute renal failure (Wen et al., 2014). Also, ESRD is commonly known as stage 5 of CKD. What is more is the availability of shared ideas between amongst nurses, patients, and their families: the ideas help in making informed decisions aimed towards treating stage 5 CKD (Locatelli et al., 2013). As such, the table below provides a description to types of treatment for stage 5 CKD. Treatment Types Mechanisms/practices involved Outcomes Transplant Living and deceased donor If it is critical it may call for surgery. Also, the period may wait for up to 6 years in case of deceased donor Glenda will be free to work and live a normal life. Moreover, Glenda has increased rate of survival after the transplant is done. Home Peritoneal Dialysis Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis(CAPD) Automated Peritoneal Dialysis (APD) During the day four bags are changed by the nurse the APD entails the overnight exchange of bags by a machine The treatment ensures Glenda has the freedom to work without disturbance of the urinary tract: due to the PD catheter. The CAPD allows for ample time during one-week training. The APD allows the nurse on duty to rest. Non Dialysis Supportive Care Requires no dialysis or transplant. It can be managed at the community level (Wurrumiyanga clinic). Again, the model is supported by palliative care Emphasizes on mediation and balanced diet. Non-dialysis supportive care increases survival chances in elderly patients thus increased life expectancy (Model, 2015). Nursing care plan for chronic kidney disease The nurse in charge of Glenda is working extra hard to avoid further complications of the conditions. Therefore, educating Glenda, her daughter Roseen and the community as a whole will ensure the sustainability and ease of combating CKD (Diamantidis and Becker, 2014). Notably, the primary risk factor identified is the danger of reduced cardiac output. The condition is associated with inadequate pumping of the blood to the heart to facilitate metabolic processes. The related risk factors include but are not limited to: first, fluid imbalances resulting in a lapse in the current volume and heart workload (Mills et al., 2015). Second, there is the risk of increased deposits of urea and calcium phosphate blocking the baseline membrane. Thirdly, lapse and alteration in electrolyte balance. The nurse can prescribe medication after observing and assessing the presented physical symptoms. To establish desired outcomes for Glenda the table below shows the nursing intervention and the possible justification. Nursing intervention Justification Analyze heart and lung sound to evaluate presence of peripheral edema and cases of dysponea. Diagnosed with flu hence wheezes, edema, and dysponea Assess the degree of hypertension and blood pressure Renal dysfunction causes hypertension. Also, orthostatic hypertension occurs due to imbalances in the intravascular fluids. Assess the presence of chest pains paying attention to the location and degree of pain Lack of potential risk of pericardial effusion associated due to home dialysis. Assess heart sounds, blood pressure, and temperature Narrow pulse pressure, temperature above 37.5 degrees Celsius, and presence of irregular hypotension. Assess and evaluate the physical activity Dormant nature alludes to HF and presence of anemia Need to monitor and assess lab and diagnostic results Potassium, calcium, and magnesium electrolytes When imbalanced they affect the heart functioning by altering the electrical transmission Chest X-rays Used in identification of soft-tissue calcification Administering antihypertensive drugs such as Apresoline: a hydralazine Useful in reducing vascular resistance and tension hence reduce myocardial workload. Also, useful in preventing HF. Preparing home dialysis Reduce accumulation of urea. Again, corrects the electrolytes and fluid imbalances. Pericardiocentesis To exclude the pericardial sacs as it may result in cardiac arrest through myocardial contractility. Interdisciplinary team approaches The burden of CKD led to the longer hospitalization of Glenda, and it is important to include multidisciplinary care clinics to improve service delivery (Gatchel et al., 2014). The approach integrates different health professionals and family members to offer long-term support to Glenda as shown below. Interdisciplinary Role Nephrologists Assess and evaluate etiology of Glendas CKD to determine the care plan (Diamantidis and Becker, 2014) Dietitian Offer advice on nutritional intake and manage the intravascular fluid Pharmacist Provide education to Glenda regarding effectiveness of modern medication and herbal treatment Social work Substitute Roseen on transporting the mother to hospital Transplant team Educate Glenda about transplant before the surgery (Davison et al., 2015) Advanced Practitioner Provides education regarding CKD and acute renal failure. Also, coordinates care with Glendas family and the locals. Health priorities for Glenda Less attention has been paid to monitor the role awareness has to CKD patients. Although early identification proves to be a mechanism to slow the progression of CKD and ESRD, there is a growing need for the establishment of a customer-oriented platform for nurses to exercise to administer patient-center to patients such as Glenda (Papademetriou et al., 2015). Also, encouraging Glenda to attend guiding and counseling sessions in Tiwi Islands will help boost her morale and change her perception of life. And it is known that once the mind is stimulated so does the endorphin hence the body relaxes. The model will allow Glenda get back to her feet and provide for her family. Conclusion In nursing, providing care, assessing, and management of diseases is a plan that allows nurses to incorporate Levett-Jones cycle of clinical reasoning: a period that allows for an understanding of the patient's past medical history and ethnic background before commencing with data collection and administering medication. 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